DECISION MAKING AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOR

Is known that decision-making involve people of different cultures and also this concept differ in the tendency to cooperate with others and to determine the cultural explanation for all the differences presented in a decision-making process.


Exists a mixed-motive game that is a situation in which an individual faces a conflict between maximizing collective interests named defection maximizing collectives interests named cooperation; in the other hand we find cultural individualism known that consists of closely linked individuals who see themselves as independent of collectives, cultural collectivism consists of linked individuals who see themselves as part of one or more collectives and finally cultural cooperation among members.


https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgreP9DK8Qo4Y8vZ_5fOw_trOV_NXauHimijwecHvfMoXM3rzHHW2YdQHDFkZLlcSjx-tEUkH3BjCVYk8I9RZRYjT3q04ltgt2dttwnrIY1Tc4oXGxpspyUx8QqY2Mro0AfrZxxW_yfvYPF/s1600/respect-individualism-collectivism.jpg

There are four combinations of self:

1. horizontal individualism: maximize self interest or self goal
2. horizontal collectivisim: interdependent
3. vertical individualism: cooperation varies as function of the extent to which their personal outcomes would be maximized.
4. vertical collectivism: cooperation varried in 2 dilemmas group outcomes-maximized

The decision making process consists in, first recognize the problem or need, then identify the objective of decision, you gather and search about the situation and establish alternatives to solve the problem, then you evaluate each course of action and finally you implement the decision and follow up.

Exists some models of decision-making as the rational one that shows how individuals should behave, bounded rationality which suggest that there are limits for decisions and finally there is garbage can model which affirms that decisions are random; also in the decision-making theory exists risk aversion and the risk taker.
According to the lecture individual differences affect decision-making with characteristics as intuition and creativity, but some cultural differences in the process influence:
problems selected
time orientation
importance of logic and rationality
belief in the ability to solve problems
preference  for collecting decision-making


http://www.homelifedreams.ca/join_us_for_sucess.html
Although ethical behavior is an important aspect in organizations as acting in ways consistent with one´s personal values and the commonly values of the organization and society; there are three ethical theories:

1. consequential theory: emphasizes the consequences of results of behavior
2. rule-based theory: emphasizes the character of the act itself rather than its effects
3. character theory:emphasizes the character, personal virtues and integrity fo the individual

The cognitive moral development has a process of madurity in terms of making ethical decisions the fisrt one is premoral level (avoid punishment and serve inmediate interest), the second one the conventional level (live up to friend´s expectation and observe societal laws) and the other is pricipled level (principles of justice and right, and self-selected ethical principles). To conclude there are some qualities for ethical decision-making as the competence to indentify ethical issues and evaluate the consequences of the courses of action; the self-confidence to find different opinions about the issue and decide what is right in terms of a situation and the willingness to make decisions when all that needs can not be known and the ethical issue has not established solutions.


http://blogs.nature.com/nanomech/2007/04/14/environmental-chemistry-in-review


QUESTION:
¿what are the impacts of culture in terms of mixed-motive decision-making?
The impacts of culture are that not always people in society are interested in maximizing personal and collective interests due to it creates competitive between people and generates less cooperation in different situations as conflict, persuing profit and regulatory policies to improve each one benefits to keep their selfs in a higher level into a competition or simply in daily life.
An other important impact is that mixed-motive creates that workers or managers in a decision-making process try to avoid reliable information and intentions in organizational behavior, therefore this situation makes that internal factors in the organization does not work and run in the right way to achieve goal and common tasks inside a group.
Finally this decision-making creates a worse perception of each values and attitudes inside the organization, because they are demostrating a false image in order to develop tasks and decide in a process to compete between its members.

SOURCES:

• http://www.actionm.com/problem_solving_decision_making.aspx
• https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgreP9DK8Qo4Y8vZ_5fOw_trOV_NXauHimijwecHvfMoXM3rzHHW2YdQHDFkZLlcSjx-tEUkH3BjCVYk8I9RZRYjT3q04ltgt2dttwnrIY1Tc4oXGxpspyUx8QqY2Mro0AfrZxxW_yfvYPF/s1600/respect-individualism-collectivism.jpg
• http://www.homelifedreams.ca/join_us_for_sucess.html
• http://blogs.nature.com/nanomech/2007/04/14/environmental-chemistry-in-review